Cell Signaling Technology

Product Pathways - Ca / cAMP / Lipid Signaling

SignalSilence® PKD2 siRNA I #12144

Applications Reactivity
Transfection H

Reactivity Key:  H=Human
Species cross-reactivity is determined by western blot. Species enclosed in parentheses are predicted to react based on 100% sequence homology.

Western Blotting

Western Blotting

Western blot analysis of extracts from PANC-1 cells, transfected with 100 nM SignalSilence® Control siRNA (Unconjugated) #6568 (-) or SignalSilence® PKD2 siRNA I (+), using PKD2 (D1A7) Rabbit mAb #8188 (upper) or β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower). The PKD2 (D1A7) Rabbit mAb confirms silencing of PKD2 expression, while the β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb is used as a loading control.

Description

SignalSilence® PKD2 siRNA I from Cell Signaling Technology (CST) allows the researcher to specifically inhibit PKD2 expression using RNA interference, a method whereby gene expression can be selectively silenced through the delivery of double stranded RNA molecules into the cell. All SignalSilence® siRNA products from CST are rigorously tested in-house and have been shown to reduce target protein expression by western analysis.

Quality Control

Oligonucleotide synthesis is monitored base by base through trityl analysis to ensure appropriate coupling efficiency. The oligo is subsequently purified by affinity-solid phase extraction. The annealed RNA duplex is further analyzed by mass spectrometry to verify the exact composition of the duplex. Each lot is compared to the previous lot by mass spectrometry to ensure maximum lot-to-lot consistency.

Directions for Use

CST recommends transfection with 100 nM SignalSilence® PKD2 siRNA I 48 to 72 hours prior to cell lysis. For transfection procedure, follow protocol provided by the transfection reagent manufacturer. Please feel free to contact CST with any questions on use.

Each vial contains the equivalent of 100 transfections, which corresponds to a final siRNA concentration of 100 nM per transfection in a 24-well plate with a total volume of 300 μl per well.

Background

Protein kinase D2 (PKD2) is one of three members of the protein kinase D family, including PKD1/PKCμ and PKD3/PKCν, that belong to the calcium/calmodulin superfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases (1,2). PKDs contain a conserved, carboxy-terminal catalytic domain, an amino-terminal regulatory region hallmarked by a PH domain that coordinates subcellular localization, and two zinc-finger/C1 lipid-binding domains that mediate activation of the enzyme in response to diacylglycerol (DAG) or phorbol ester (2,3). In addition to lipid-mediated activation, PKD catalytic activity can also be stimulated via phosphorylation of critical serine residues within the activation loop of the enzyme (4-8). Novel PKCs, such as PKCη and PKCε, have been shown to phosphorylate PKD1 at Ser744 and Ser748 (Ser706 and Ser710 in human PKD2), resulting in alleviation of autoinhibition of the enzyme mediated by PH domain interactions with the catalytic domain (5). Phosphorylation and activation of PKD isoforms has also been described for other upstream kinases. For example, casein kinase 2 (CK2) has been shown to phosphorylate PKD2 at Ser244, which promotes nuclear accumulation of PKD2, phosphorylation of HDAC7, and expression of Nur77 (9). Although only a handfull of PKD2 effectors have been identified, PKD2 has been implicated in regulating an array of cellular events, including cell survival, development, growth, migration, and transformation (10-14). PKD2-mediated phosphorylation of at least one known substrate, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ), also implicates PKD2 in the formation and regulation of exocytotic transport vesicles from the trans Golgi network (15).

  1. Rykx, A. et al. (2003) FEBS Lett 546, 81-6.
  2. Sturany, S. et al. (2001) J Biol Chem 276, 3310-8.
  3. Chen, J. et al. (2008) Biochem J 411, 333-42.
  4. Zugaza, J.L. et al. (1996) EMBO J 15, 6220-30.
  5. Waldron, R.T. et al. (2001) J Biol Chem 276, 32606-15.
  6. Waldron, R.T. and Rozengurt, E. (2003) J Biol Chem 278, 154-63.
  7. Sinnett-Smith, J. et al. (2009) J Biol Chem 284, 13434-45.
  8. Konopatskaya, O. et al. (2011) Blood, Epub ahead of print.
  9. von Blume, J. et al. (2007) EMBO J 26, 4619-33.
  10. Mihailovic, T. et al. (2004) Cancer Res 64, 8939-44.
  11. Irie, A. et al. (2006) Int Immunol 18, 1737-47.
  12. Sinnett-Smith, J. et al. (2007) J Cell Physiol 211, 781-90.
  13. Hao, Q. et al. (2009) J Biol Chem 284, 799-806.
  14. Kleger, A. et al. (2011) PLoS One 6, e14599.
  15. Pusapati, G.V. et al. (2010) Mol Biol Cell 21, 1011-22.

Application References

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Companion Products

Limited Use Label License, RNA interference: This product is licensed under European Patent 1144623 and foreign equivalents from Ribopharma AG, Kulmbach, Germany and is provided only for use in non-commercial research specifically excluding use (a) in drug discovery or drug development, including target identification or target validation, by or on behalf of a commercial entity, (b) for contract research or commercial screening services, (c) for the production or manufacture of siRNA-related products for sale, or (d) for the generation of commercial databases for sale to Third Parties. Information about licenses for these and other commercial uses is available from Ribopharma AG, Fritz-Hornschuch-Str. 9, D-95326 Kulmbach, Germany.

For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.

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