Cell Signaling Technology

Product Pathways - Apoptosis

PAR-4 Antibody #2328

Applications Reactivity Sensitivity MW (kDa) Source
W IP IF-IC F H M R Mk Endogenous 41 Rabbit

Applications Key:  W=Western Blotting  IP=Immunoprecipitation  IF-IC=Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry)  F=Flow Cytometry
Reactivity Key:  H=Human  M=Mouse  R=Rat  Mk=Monkey
Species cross-reactivity is determined by western blot. Species enclosed in parentheses are predicted to react based on 100% sequence homology.

Protocols

Specificity / Sensitivity

PAR-4 Antibody detects endogenous levels of PAR-4 protein.

Source / Purification

Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Gly210 of human PAR-4. Antibodies were purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography.

Western Blotting

Western Blotting

Western blot analysis of extracts from SW620, ACHN, LNCaP and A20 cell lines, using PAR-4 Antibody.

Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometric analysis of HeLa cells, using PAR-4 Antibody (blue) compared to a nonspecific negative control antibody (red).

IF-IC

IF-IC

Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of HT-1080 cells using PAR-4 Antibody (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DY-554 phalloidin (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye).


Background

PAR-4 (prostate apoptosis response-4) was identified as a protein that is upregulated in prostate tumor cells undergoing apoptosis (1). Additionally, in parallel studies PAR-4 was found in the yeast two-hybrid system to bind to the Wilms' tumor suppressor protein WT1 and may modulate WT1-medated transcriptional activation (2). PAR-4 contains a leucine zipper domain and a death domain and has been implicated as an effector of apoptosis during tumorigenesis as well as in neurodegenerative disorders (3,4). PAR-4 is widely expressed in normal tissues but can be downregulated in some tumor types. The mechanism of PAR-4 mediated apoptosis regulation appears to be complex and dependent on the cellular context. Studies have indicated roles for PAR-4 in activation of the Fas-FADD-caspase-8 pathway as well as inhibition of the NF-κB pro-survival pathway (5-7). Its activity is likely to depend on the cellular context and post-translational modifications. For instance, phosphorylation of PAR-4 by Akt prevents its nuclear translocation thereby promoting cell surivival (8). In contrast, phoshorylation of rat PAR-4 at T155 by PKA appears to positively regulate its apoptotic activity (9).

  1. Sells, S.F. et al. (1997) Mol. Cell Biol. 17, 3823-3832.
  2. Johnstone, R.W. et al. (1996) Mol. Cell Biol. 16, 6945-6956.
  3. Guo, Q. et al. (1998) Nat. Med. 4, 957-962.
  4. El-Guendy, N. and Rangnekar, V.M. (2003) Exp. Cell Res. 283, 51-66.
  5. Chakraborty, M. et al. (2001) Cancer Res. 61, 7255-7263.
  6. Díaz-Meco, M.T. et al. (1996) Cell 86, 777-786.
  7. Diaz-Meco, M.T. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 19606-79612.
  8. Goswami, A. et al. (2005) Mol. Cell 20, 33-44.
  9. Gurumurthy, S. et al. (2005) Mol. Cell Biol. 25, 1146-1161.

Application References

Have you published research involving the use of our products? If so we'd love to hear about it. Please let us know!

Companion Products

For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.

Products