Product Pathways - TGF-beta/Smad Signaling

TGF-β (56E4) Rabbit mAb #3709

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Applications	Reactivity	MW (kDa)	Source	Isotype
W IP IF-IC F	H M R	12, 45-60	Rabbit	IgG

Applications Key:  W=Western Blotting  IP=Immunoprecipitation  IF-IC=Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry)  F=Flow Cytometry
Reactivity Key:  H=Human  M=Mouse  R=Rat
Species enclosed in parentheses are predicted to react based on 100% sequence homology. Species cross-reactivity is determined by Western blot.

Specificity / Sensitivity

TGF-beta Antibody detects recombinant TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 proteins. The antibody also detects endogenous levels of the TGF-beta precursor proteins.

Source / Purification

Rabbit monoclonal antibodies are prepared by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptide (KLH-coupled) corresponding to a region in the carboxy terminus of TGF-β1.

Background

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily members are critical regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, developmental patterning and morphogenesis, and disease pathogenesis (1-4). TGF-β elicits signaling through three cell surface receptors: type I (RI), type II (RII) and type III (RIII). Type I and type II receptors are serine/threonine kinases that form a heteromeric complex. In response to ligand binding, the type II receptors form a stable complex with the type I receptors allowing phosphorylation and activation of type I receptor kinases (5). The type III receptor, also known as betaglycan, is a transmembrane proteoglycan with a large extracellular domain that binds TGF-β with high affinity but lacks a cytoplasmic signaling domain (6,7). Expression of the type III receptor can regulate TGF-β signaling through presentation of the ligand to the signaling complex. The only known direct TGF-β signaling effectors are the Smad family proteins, which transduce signals from the cell surface directly to the nucleus to regulate target gene transcription (8,9).

There are three isoforms of TGF-beta designated TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, which are encoded by distinct genes and are expressed in a tissue specific manner (10). Each of the isoforms is synthesized as a larger precursor protein containing a propeptide region which gets cleaved prior to secretion from the cell. Mature TGF-beta contains two polypeptides linked by disulfide bonds formining a protein of about 25 kDa.

1. Massague, J. et al. (2000) Cell 103, 295-309.
2. Caestecker, M.P. et al. (2000) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92, 1388-1402.
3. Derynck, R. et al. (2001) Nature Genet. 29, 117-129.
4. Miyazono, K. et al. (2000) Adv. Immunol. 75, 115-157.
5. Derynck, R. et al. (1997) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1333, F105-150.
6. Lopez-Casillas, F. et al. (1991) Cell 67, 785-795.
7. Wang, X.F. et al. (1991) Cell 67, 797-805.
8. Derynck, R. et al. (1998) Cell 95, 737-740.
9. Massague, J. et al. (2000) Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1, 169-178.
10. Kingsley, D.M. (1994) Genes Dev. 8, 133-46.

Application References

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Rabbit Monoclonals Produced Using Epitomics® Technology, U.S. Patent No. 5,675,063.