Product Pathways - Protein Folding/Stability
SUMO-2/3 (18H8) Rabbit mAb #4971
| Applications | Reactivity | Sensitivity | Isotype |
|---|---|---|---|
| W IF-IC | H R (M) | Endogenous | Rabbit IgG |
Applications Key:
W=Western Blotting
IF-IC=Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry)
Reactivity Key:
H=Human
M=Mouse
R=Rat
Species cross-reactivity is determined by Western blot.
Specificity / Sensitivity
SUMO-2/3 (18H8) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of SUMO-2/3. It does not cross-react with recombinant SUMO-1.
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing rabbits with a synthetic peptide (KLH-coupled) from the amino terminus of human SUMO-3.
Western Blotting
Western blot analysis of recombinant GST-SUMO-1 protein (38 kDa), recombinant SUMO-2, recombinant SUMO-3, and extracts from C6 and PC12 cells, using SUMO-2/3 (18H8) Rabbit mAb (upper) and SUMO-1 Antibody #4930 (lower).
IF-IC
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of SH-SY5Y cells labeled with SUMO-2/3 (18H8) Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments have been labeled with Alexa Fluor® 555 phalloidin (red).
Background
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1, 2 and 3 (SUMO-1, -2 and -3) are members of the ubiquitin-like protein family (1). The covalent attachment of the SUMO-1, -2 or -3 (sumoylation) to target proteins is analogous to ubiquitination. This post-translational modification is a reversible, multi-step process that is initiated by cleaving a precursor protein to a mature protein. Mature SUMO-1, -2 or -3 is then linked to the activating enzyme E1, conjugated to E2 and in conjunction with E3, SUMO-1, -2 or -3 is ligated to the target protein (2). Ubiquitin and the individual SUMO family members are all targeted to different proteins with diverse biological functions. Ubiquitin predominantly regulates degradation of its target (1). In contrast, SUMO-1 is conjugated to RanGAP, PML, p53 and IκB-α to regulate nuclear trafficking, formation of subnuclear structures, regulation of transcriptional activity and protein stability (3-7). SUMO-2/-3 forms poly-(SUMO) chains, is conjugated to topoisomerase II and APP, regulates chromosomal segregation and cellular responses to environmental stress, and plays a role in the progression of Alzheimer disease (8-11).
- Schwartz, D.C. and Hochstrasser, M. (2003) Trends Biochem. Sci. 28, 321-328.
- Kim, K.I. et al. (2002) J. Cell Physiol. 191, 257-268.
- Matunis, M.J. et al. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 135, 1457-1470.
- Duprez, E. et al. (1999) J. Cell Sci. 112, 381-393.
- Gostissa, M. et al. (1999) EMBO J. 18, 6462-6474.
- Rodriguez, M.S. et al. (1999) EMBO J. 18, 6455-6461.
- Desterro, J.M. et al. (1998) Mol. Cell 2, 233-239.
- Tatham, M.H. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 35368-35374.
- Azuma, Y. et al. (2003) J. Cell Biol. 163, 477-487.
- Li, Y. et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 259-264.
- Saitoh, H. and Hinchey, J. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6252-6258.
Application References
Have you published research involving the use of our products? If so we'd love to hear about it. Please let us know!
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Rabbit Monoclonals Produced Using Epitomics® Technology, U.S. Patent No. 5,675,063.
This product is for in vitro research use only and is not intended for use in humans or animals. This product is not intended for use as therapeutic or in diagnostic procedures.
