Cell Signaling Technology

Product Pathways - Chromatin Regulation / Epigenetics

HDAC4 (4A3) Mouse mAb #5392

Applications Reactivity Sensitivity MW (kDa) Isotype
W IP H M R Mk Endogenous 140 Mouse IgG2a

Applications Key:  W=Western Blotting  IP=Immunoprecipitation
Reactivity Key:  H=Human  M=Mouse  R=Rat  Mk=Monkey
Species cross-reactivity is determined by western blot. Species enclosed in parentheses are predicted to react based on 100% sequence homology.

Protocols

Specificity / Sensitivity

HDAC4 (4A3) Mouse mAb detects endogenous levels of total HDAC4 protein. The antibody may cross-react with HDAC5.

Source / Purification

Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a recombinant protein corresponding to the amino terminus of human HDAC4 protein.

Western Blotting

Western Blotting

Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using HDAC4 (4A3) Mouse mAb.

Background

Acetylation of the histone tail causes chromatin to adopt an "open" conformation, allowing increased accessibility of transcription factors to DNA. The identification of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and their large multiprotein complexes has yielded important insights into how these enzymes regulate transcription (1,2). HAT complexes interact with sequence-specific activator proteins to target specific genes. In addition to histones, HATs can acetylate nonhistone proteins, suggesting multiple roles for these enzymes (3). In contrast, histone deacetylation promotes a "closed" chromatin conformation and typically leads to repression of gene activity (4). Mammalian histone deacetylases can be divided into three classes on the basis of their similarity to various yeast deacetylases (5). Class I proteins (HDACs 1, 2, 3, and 8) are related to the yeast Rpd3-like proteins, those in class II (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10) are related to yeast Hda1-like proteins, and class III proteins are related to the yeast protein Sir2. Inhibitors of HDAC activity are now being explored as potential therapeutic cancer agents (6,7).

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) interact with an increasing number of transcription factors, including myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), to negatively regulate gene expression. HDACs are regulated in part by shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm, where export to the cytoplasm facilitates gene activation by removing HDACs from their target genes (8,9). The cytoplasmic export is facilitated by 14-3-3 proteins, which bind to specific phosphoserine residues on the HDAC proteins (8,9). These phosphoserine 14-3-3 binding modules are highly conserved between HDAC proteins, allowing for their collective regulation in response to specific cell stimuli. For example, the highly conserved HDAC4 Ser246, HDAC5 Ser259 and HDAC7 Ser155 residues are all phosphorylated by CAMK and PKD kinases in response to multiple cell stimuli, including VEGF-induced angiogenesis in endothelial cells, B cell and T cell activation, and differentiation of myoblasts into muscle fiber (10-14).

  1. Marmorstein, R. (2001) Cell Mol Life Sci 58, 693-703.
  2. Gregory, P.D. et al. (2001) Exp Cell Res 265, 195-202.
  3. Liu, Y. et al. (2000) Mol Cell Biol 20, 5540-53.
  4. Cress, W.D. and Seto, E. (2000) J Cell Physiol 184, 1-16.
  5. Gray, S.G. and Ekström, T.J. (2001) Exp Cell Res 262, 75-83.
  6. Thiagalingam, S. et al. (2003) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 983, 84-100.
  7. Vigushin, D.M. and Coombes, R.C. (2004) Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 4, 205-218.
  8. Grozinger, C.M. and Schreiber, S.L. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 7835-40.
  9. Wang, A.H. et al. (2000) Mol Cell Biol 20, 6904-12.
  10. Ha, C.H. et al. (2008) J Biol Chem 283, 14590-9.
  11. Wang, S. et al. (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 7738-43.
  12. Matthews, S.A. et al. (2006) Mol Cell Biol 26, 1569-77.
  13. Parra, M. et al. (2005) J Biol Chem 280, 13762-70.
  14. McKinsey, T.A. et al. (2000) Nature 408, 106-11.

Application References

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For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.

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