Cell Signaling Technology

Product Pathways - Chromatin Regulation / Epigenetics

HMGN1 Antibody #5692

Applications Reactivity Sensitivity MW (kDa) Source
W IF-IC H R Mk (B) Endogenous 18 Rabbit

Applications Key:  W=Western Blotting  IF-IC=Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry)
Reactivity Key:  H=Human  R=Rat  Mk=Monkey  B=Bovine
Species cross-reactivity is determined by western blot. Species enclosed in parentheses are predicted to react based on 100% sequence homology.

Protocols

Specificity / Sensitivity

HMGN1 Antibody recognizes endogenous levels of total HMGN1 protein. This antibody does not cross-react with other HMGN proteins, including HMGN2, HMGN3, HMGN4, and HMGN5.

Source / Purification

Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Val65 of human HMGN1 protein. Antibodies are purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography.

Western Blotting

Western Blotting

Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using HMGN1 Antibody.

IF-IC

IF-IC

Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of COS-7 cells using HMGN1 Antibody (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DY-554 phallodin (red).

Background

High mobility group (HMG) proteins are a superfamily of abundant and ubiquitous nuclear proteins that bind DNA without sequence specificity and induce structural changes to the chromatin fiber to regulate access to the underlying DNA. The HMGN family of proteins, which includes five members (HMGN1-5), is characterized by the presence of several conserved protein domains: a positively charged domain, a nucleosome binding domain, and an acidic C-terminal chromatin-unfolding domain (1,2). HMGN proteins function in transcriptional regulation and are recruited to gene promoters by transcription factors, such as estrogen receptor α (ERα), serum responsive factor (SRF), and PITX2, where they can facilitate either gene activation or repression (3-5). HMGN proteins bind specifically to nucleosomal DNA and reduce compaction of the chromatin fiber, in part by competing with linker histone H1 for nucleosome binding (6). In addition, HMGN proteins act to modulate local levels of post-translational histone modifications, decreasing phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 and histone H2A at Ser1 and increasing acetylation of histone H3 at Lys14 (7-9). HMGN proteins can also modulate the activity of several chromatin-remodeling factors and restrict nucleosome mobility (10).

HMGN1 (also known as HMG14) expression is tightly linked to cellular differentiation. HMGN1 is ubiquitous and highly expressed in all embryonic tissues. During mouse embryogenesis, expression is down-regulated throughout the embryo, except in committed but continuously renewing cell types undergoing active differentiation, such as the basal layer of the epithelium and kidney cells undergoing mesenchyme to epithelium transition (11,12). HMGN1 expression is also down-regulated during myogenesis, erythropoiesis, and osteogenesis (11). Over-expression of HMGN1 inhibits myotube formation in C2C12 myoblast cells and chondrocyte differentiation in primary limb bud mesenchymal cells, suggesting a role in blocking cellular differentiation (11,13). HGMN1-/- mice appear normal, most likely due to partial redundancy with other family members such as HMGN2. However, these mice are hypersensitive to various stress conditions, including exposure to UV light and ionizing radiation (IR) (14,15). Further studies have shown that HMGN1 is required for efficient transcription-coupled repair (TCR) following UV treatment, and proper activation of ATM following IR treatment, both of which require HMGN1 chromatin binding activity, suggesting a direct role for HMGN1 in chromatin remodeling during DNA repair (14-17).

  1. Hock, R. et al. (2007) Trends Cell Biol 17, 72-9.
  2. Gerlitz, G. Biochim Biophys Acta 1799, 80-5.
  3. Zhu, N. and Hansen, U. (2007) Mol Cell Biol 27, 8859-73.
  4. Amen, M. et al. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res 36, 462-76.
  5. Belova, G.I. et al. (2008) J Biol Chem 283, 8080-8.
  6. Catez, F. et al. (2002) EMBO Rep 3, 760-6.
  7. Lim, J.H. et al. (2005) EMBO J 24, 3038-48.
  8. Lim, J.H. et al. (2004) Mol Cell 15, 573-84.
  9. Postnikov, Y.V. et al. (2006) Biochemistry 45, 15092-9.
  10. Rattner, B.P. et al. (2009) Mol Cell 34, 620-6.
  11. Furusawa, T. et al. (2006) Mol Cell Biol 26, 592-604.
  12. Lehtonen, S. and Lehtonen, E. (2001) Differentiation 67, 154-63.
  13. Pash, J.M. et al. (1993) J Biol Chem 268, 13632-8.
  14. Birger, Y. et al. (2003) EMBO J 22, 1665-75.
  15. Birger, Y. et al. (2005) Cancer Res 65, 6711-8.
  16. Fousteri, M. et al. (2006) Mol Cell 23, 471-82.
  17. Kim, Y.C. et al. (2009) Nat Cell Biol 11, 92-6.

Application References

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For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.

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