Product Pathways - Ca / cAMP / Lipid Signaling
PKCβ II Kinase #7584
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Description
Purified recombinant full-length human PKCbeta II kinase, supplied as a GST fusion protein.
Source / Purification
The GST-Kinase fusion protein was produced using a baculovirus expression system with a construct expressing full-length human PKCbeta II (Met1-Ser673) (GenBank Accession No. X07109) with an amino-terminal GST tag. The protein was purified by one-step affinity chromatography using glutathione-agarose.
Gel Staining
Figure 1. The purity of the GST-PKCbeta II fusion protein was analyzed using SDS/PAGE followed by anti-GST Western blot (A) or Coomassie stain (B).
Kinase Assay - Radiometric
Figure 2. PKCbeta II kinase activity was measured in a radiometric assay using the following reaction conditions: 60 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 3 mM MgCl2, 3 mM MnCl2, 3 µM Na-orthovanadate, 1.2 mM DTT, 1 µM ATP, 2.5 µg/50 µl PEG20,000, Substrate: Histone H1, 1 µg/50 µl, and Recombinant PKCbeta II: 10 ng/50 µl.
Kinase Assay - DELFIA
Figure 3. Dose dependence curve of PKCbeta II kinase activity: DELFIA® data generated using Phospho-PKA Substrate (RRXS/T) (100G7) Rabbit mAb #9624 to detect phosphorylation of substrate peptide (#1331) by PKCbeta II kinase. In a 50 µl reaction, increasing amounts of PKCbeta II and 1.5 µM substrate peptide were used per reaction at room temperature for 15 minutes. (DELFIA® is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc.)
Quality Control
The theoretical molecular weight of the GST-PKCbeta II fusion protein is 104 kDa. The purified kinase was quality controlled for purity using SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie stain and Western blot [Fig.1]. PKCbeta II kinase activity was determined using a radiometric assay [Fig.2]. A kinase dose dependency assay was performed to measure PKCbeta II activity using HTScan® PKCbeta II Kinase Assay Kit #7585 [Fig.3].
Background
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is one of the earliest events in a cascade that controls a variety of cellular responses, including secretion, gene expression, proliferation and muscle contraction (1,2). PKC isoforms belong to three groups based on calcium dependency and activators. Classical PKCs are calcium-dependent via their C2 domains and are activated by phosphatidylserine (PS), diacylglycerol (DAG) and phorbol esters (TPA, PMA) through their cysteine-rich C1 domains. Both novel and atypical PKCs are calcium-independent, but only novel PKCs are activated by PS, DAG and phorbol esters (3-5). Members of these three PKC groups contain a pseudo-substrate or autoinhibitory domain that binds to substrate-binding site in the catalytic domain to prevent activation in the absence of cofactors or activators.Control of PKC activity is regulated through three distinct phosphorylation events. Phosphorylation of Thr500 in the activation loop, the autophosphorylation site at Thr641 and at carboxy-terminal hydrophobic site Ser660 occurs in vivo (2). Atypical PKC isoforms lack hydrophobic region phosphorylation, which correlates with the presence of glutamic acid rather than the serine or threonine residues found in more typical PKC isoforms. Either the enzyme PDK1 or a close relative is responsible for PKC activation.A recent addition to the PKC superfamily is PKCμ (PKD), which is regulated by DAG and TPA through its C1 domain. PKD is distinguished by the presence of a PH domain and by its unique substrate recognition and Golgi localization (6). PKC-related kinases (PRK) lack the C1 domain and do not respond to DAG or phorbol esters. Phosphatidylinositol lipids activate PRKs and small Rho-family GTPases bind to the homology region 1 (HR1) to regulate PRK kinase activity (7).
Both PKCbeta I and PKCbeta II are formed from a single gene locus (PKCbeta) by alternative splicing of the carboxy-terminal exons. PKCbetas are the major PKC isoforms expressed in a variety of tissues and function in various signaling pathways regulating proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and cell-type-specific functions (10). In colon cancer, PKCbeta II appears to be overexpressed early in the carcinogenic process while PKCbeta I expression decreases later in tumor development (11).
- Nishizuka, Y. (1984) Nature 308, 693-698.
- Keranen, L.M. et al. (1995) Curr. Biol. 5, 1394-1403.
- Mellor, H. and Parker, P.J. (1998) Biochem J. 332 (Pt 2), 281-292.
- Ron, D. and Kazanietz, M.G. (1999) FASEB J. 13, 1658-1676.
- Moscat, J. and Diaz-Meco, M.T. (2000) EMBO Rep. 1, 399-403.
- Baron, C.L. and Malhotra, V. (2002) Science 295, 325-328.
- Flynn, P. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 11064-11070.
- Kawakami, T. et al. (2002) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 132, 677-82.
- Mackay, H.J. and Twelves, C.J. (2003) Endocr. Relat. Cancer 10, 389-96.
Application References
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Companion Products
- 7585 HTScan® PKCβ II Kinase Assay Kit
- 1331 CREB (Ser133) Biotinylated Peptide
- 9624 Phospho-PKA Substrate (RRXS/T) (100G7E) Rabbit mAb
- 9802 Kinase Buffer (10X)
- 9804 ATP (10 mM)
- 9953 Staurosporine
This product is for in vitro research use only and is not intended for use in humans or animals. This product is not intended for use as therapeutic or in diagnostic procedures.
