Product Pathways - MAPK Signaling
SAPK/JNK Control Cell Extracts #9253
Description
Nonphosphorylated SAPK/JNK Control Cell Extracts: Total cell extracts from 293 cells, prepared without treatment, serve as a negative control. Supplied in SDS Sample Buffer.Phosphorylated SAPK/JNK Control Cell Extracts: Total cell extracts from 293 cells, treated with UV light, serve as a positive control. Supplied in SDS Sample Buffer.
Applications
As controls, we recommend using 15 µl of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated SAPK/JNK control extracts. Boil 2 minutes prior to use.
Background
The stress-activated protein kinase/Jun-amino-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) is potently and preferentially activated by a variety of environmental stresses, including UV and gamma radiation, ceramides, inflammatory cytokines and in some instances, by growth factors and GPCR agonists (1-6). As with the other MAPKs, the core signaling unit is composed of a MAPKKK, typically MEKK1-4, or by one of the mixed lineage kinases (MLKs), which phosphorylate and activate MKK4-7, which then phosphorylate and activate the SAPK/JNK kinase (2). Stress signals are delivered to this cascade by small GTPases of the Rho family (Rac, Rho, cdc42) (3). Both Rac1 and cdc42 mediate the stimulation of MEKKs and MLKs (3). Alternatively, MKK4-7 can be activated by a pathway independent of small GTPases via stimulation of a member of the germinal center kinase (GCK) family (4). There are three SAPK/JNK genes with further diversification resulting from alternative splicing (3). Active SAPK/JNK dimers can translocate to the nucleus to regulate transcription through its effects on c-Jun, ATF-2 and other transcription factors (3,5).
- Davis, R.J. (1999) Biochem. Soc. Symp. 64, 1-12.
- Ichijo, H. (1999) Oncogene 18, 6087-6093.
- Kyriakis, J.M. and Avruch, J. (2001) Physiol. Rev. 81, 807-869.
- Kyriakis, J.M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 5259-5262.
- Leppa, S. and Bohmann, D. (1999) Oncogene 18, 6158-6162.
- Whitmarsh, A.J. and Davis, R.J. (1998) Trends Biochem. Sci. 23, 481-485.
Application References
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Companion Products
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