Product Information
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with recombinant human proteins or synthetic peptides.
The initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells is a highly coordinated process that is regulated by several protein complexes. Origins of replication (ORCs), at which replication is initiated, are dispersed throughout the genome. Their activities are regulated via the sequential binding of pre-replication and replication factors that initiate formation of replication forks, the active structures at which DNA is synthesized. The origin recognition complex is thought to be bound to chromatin throughout the cell cycle (1,2). The pre-replication complex (Pre-RC) forms in late mitosis/early G1 phase beginning with the binding of CDT1 and CDC6 to the origin. Together CDT1 and CDC6 promote the loading of the heterohexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex. This process is referred to as chromatin licensing. Licensing of the chromatin permits the DNA to replicate only once per cell cycle, helping to ensure that genetic alterations and malignant cell growth do not occur (reviewed in 3). The canonical MCM complex proteins (MCM2-7) are a family of six related phospho-proteins that function, in part, as the eukaryotic replicative DNA helicase (3,4). Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, and MCM6 subunits appears to regulate MCM complex activity and the initiation of DNA synthesis (5-7). MCM proteins are removed during DNA replication, causing chromatin to become unlicensed, inhibiting Pre-RC reformation. In addition to DNA polymerase, initiation of DNA replication requires a pair of primase subunits. DNA Primase activity catalyzes de novo synthesis of an RNA/DNA primer (initiator DNA) on the leading and lagging strands, while polymerase activity extends the initiator DNA (8). The 48 and 58 kDa primase subunits cooperate in the synthesis of small RNA primers. p48 is the catalytically active subunit (9), while p58 couples p48 to the polymerase to allow the transfer of primers to the active site. The p58 subunit may also play a role in regulation of primer length (10,11). Once replication is initiated, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) serves as an accessory factor for DNA polymerases delta and epsilon, acting to tether these polymerases to template DNA during replication. Interactions of PCNA with DNA polymerases increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis. PCNA, a member of DNA sliding clamp family, is a homotrimeric ring complex that encircles and slides along the DNA double helix as the replication fork progresses (12). Multiple proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle control bind to PCNA and regulate DNA synthesis. PCNA is loaded onto the DNA in an ATP-dependent manner by a multiprotein clamp loader, Replication Factor C (RFC) (13). RFC, in turn, associates with DNA via interactions with the single-stranded DNA binding protein complex, Replication Protein A (RPA). The canonical RPA complex is heterotrimeric and composed of RPA1 (RPA70), RPA2 (RPA32), and RPA3 (RPA14) subunits. RPA recognizes and stabilizes single stranded DNA in repair processes and DNA recombination, and plays a role in replication (14-17).
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