Mitochondrial Control of Apoptosis
Pathway Description:
The Bcl-2 family of proteins regulate apoptosis by controlling mitochondrial permeability. The anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL reside in the outer mitochondrial wall and inhibit cytochrome c release. The proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Bad, Bid, Bax and Bim may reside in the cytosol but translocate to mitochondria following death signaling, where they promote the release of cytochrome c. Bad translocates to mitochondria and forms a pro-apoptotic complex with Bcl-xL. This translocation is inhibited by survival factors that induce the phosphorylation of Bad, leading to its cytosolic sequestration. Cytosolic Bid is cleaved by caspase-8 following signaling through Fas: its active fragment (tBid) translocates to mitochondria. Bax and Bim translocate to mitochondria in response to death stimuli, including survival factor withdrawal. Activated following DNA damage, p53 induces the transcription of Bax, Noxa and PUMA. Upon release from mitochondria, cytochrome c binds to Apaf-1 and forms an activation complex with caspase-9. Although the mechanism(s) regulating mitochondrial permeability and the release of cytochrome c during apoptosis are not fully understood, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bax may influence the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), which may play a role in regulating cytochrome c release. Mule/ARF-BP1 is a DNA damage activated E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53 and Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic member of Bcl-2.
Selected Reviews:
- Cory S, Huang DC, Adams JM (2003) The Bcl-2 family: roles in cell survival and oncogenesis. Oncogene 22(53), 8590–607.
- Green DR, Kroemer G (2004) The pathophysiology of mitochondrial cell death. Science 305(5684), 626–9.
- Shmueli A, Oren M (2005) Life, death, and ubiquitin: taming the mule. Cell 121(7), 963–5.
CST would like to thank Prof. Junying Yuan, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, for reviewing this diagram.
created February 2003 • revised February 2007
