NF-κB Signaling

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Search this pathway for protein information from PhosphoSitePlus^®, our expert-curated knowledge base of protein phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications.

NF-κB Signaling

Pathway Description:

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/Rel proteins include NF-κB2 p52/p100, NF-κB1 p50/p105, c-Rel, RelA/p65, and RelB. These proteins function as dimeric transcription factors that control genes regulating a broad range of biological processes including innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, stress responses, B cell development, and lymphoid organogenesis. In the classical (or canonical) pathway, NF-κB/Rel proteins are bound and inhibited by IκB proteins. Proinflammatory cytokines, LPS, growth factors, and antigen receptors activate an IKK complex (IKKβ, IKKα, and NEMO), which phosphorylates IκB proteins. Phosphorylation of IκB leads to its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, freeing NF-κB/Rel complexes. Active NF-κB/Rel complexes are further activated by phosphorylation and translocate to the nucleus where, either alone or in combination with other transcription factor families including AP-1, Ets, and Stat, they induce target gene expression. In the alternative (or noncanonical) NF-κB pathway, NF-κB2 p100/ RelB complexes are inactive in the cytoplasm. Signaling through a subset of receptors, including LTβR, CD40, and BR3, activates the kinase NIK, which in turn activates IKKα complexes that phosphorylate C-terminal residues in NF-κB2 p100. Phosphorylation of NF-κB2 p100 leads to its ubiquitination and proteasomal processing to NF-κB2 p52, creating transcriptionally competent NF-κB p52/RelB complexes that translocate to the nucleus and induce target gene expression. Only a subset of NF-κB agonists and target genes are shown here.

Selected Reviews:

• Gilmore TD (2008) Rel/NF-κB Transcription Factors: www.nf-kb.org.
• Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2008) Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling. Cell 132(3), 344–62.
• Perkins ND (2006) Post-translational modifications regulating the activity and function of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Oncogene 25(51), 6717–30.
• Razani B, Reichardt AD, Cheng G (2011) Non-canonical NF-κB signaling activation and regulation: principles and perspectives. Immunol. Rev. 244(1), 44–54.
• Verhelst K, Carpentier I, Beyaert R (2011) Regulation of TNF-induced NF-κB activation by different cytoplasmic ubiquitination events. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 22(5-6), 277–86.

We would like to thank Prof. Thomas D. Gilmore, Boston University, Boston, MA, for contributing to this diagram.