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LC3 exists as three highly homologous isoforms or paralogs. These are LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C. These LC3 paralogs have different patterns of expression in human tissues [see He, H et al. (2003) J Biol Chem 278(31), 29278-87 (PMID 12740394 Figure 2A; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12740394)] and undergo post-translational modifications during autophagy. Cleavage of LC3 (i.e., LC3A, LC3B, and/or LC3C) at the carboxy terminus immediately following synthesis yields the cytosolic LC3-I form. During autophagy, LC3-I is converted to LC3-II through lipidation by a ubiquitin-like system involving Atg7 and Atg3 that allows for LC3 to become associated with autophagic vesicles. The presence of LC3 in autophagosomes and the conversion of LC3 to the lower migrating form LC3-II are used as markers of autophagy.
Discover the autophagy pathway and its crucial role in cellular homeostasis. Learn more and uncover the mechanisms of cellular self-degradation here.
该视频将将逐一介绍参与自噬信号通路的关键分子,包括ULK1 、Beclin1、LC3、Atg5,ATG12,P62等
Overview of autophagy signaling, antibodies and related reagents, interactive pathway diagrams, and technical resources for autophagy research.
Cancer cells resist inhibitory signals that might otherwise stop their growth. The major pathways involved are Autophagy and Apoptosis.
The abundance of LC3-II is generally very low without treatment. Glucose starvation, amino acid starvation, serum starvation, and rapamycin treatment have been shown in the literature to induce increases in the abundance of LC3-II. Our LC3 antibodies are generally quality control tested on extracts prepared from cells treated with and without 50 uM chloroquine overnight. Chloroquine prevents the turnover of autophagosomes by inhibiting lysosomal function (i.e., increases lysosomal pH), thereby leading to an artificial accumulation of autophagosomes within the cell. The increase in autophagosomes is accompanied by an increase in the type-II form of LC3.
Catalog numbers in tabular format for control cell extracts and proteins with links to product pages.
The regulation of ER stress and autophagy during viral infection is an important factor in the balance of virus and host survival.
Find out the best control cell extracts to use as positive or negative controls in your western blots, when studying apoptosis, autophagy, and mitophagy.
Xenophagy provides an important defense against foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by targeting them for degradation through autophagy.
Autophagy is more than just the bulk degradation of intracellular components. It can also selectively degrade specific organelles, pathogens, and proteins.
ER-phagy is one of the key processes that regulates endoplasmic reticulum morphology and functions in the fragmentation and removal of segments of the ER.
Mitophagy is a well-studied example of selective autophagy. This post explores mitophagy functions and the consequence of excessive or inadequate mitophagy
Zika virus turns off Akt signaling to hijack autophagy in developing neural tissue
CST Technical Support Article
Mutations in cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, mitophagy, necroptosis, and autophagy, contribute to neuronal cell death and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
PD is characterized by functional loss in dopaminergic neurons, believed to be caused by disruption of proteins involved in cell quality control pathways.
Organelle markers for immunofluorescence analysis from CST Cell Signaling Technology
Caspase Cleavage Substrate Proteomics
A video tutorial illustrating the methodology behind PTMScan Technology and an example of its use in a recent phosphoproteomic study authored by scientists from CST.
This video introduces PTMScan technology, a platform for the enrichment of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies.
Products and Related Resources for Cell Death and Viability SARS-CoV-2 Research
Identifies and quantifies up to many hundreds of critical signaling nodes across pathways involved in cancer biology, immune cell signaling, and more.
iPRM is a multiplexed LC/MS assay service that combines the specificity of mass spectrometry, the throughput of an immunoassay, and the power of multiplexing to accelerate the time-to-market of your drug and/or diagnostic test.
Proteomics can help elucidate mitochondrial homeostasis and dysfunction, inflammasome activation, and the role of parkin in Parkinson's disease.
PTMScan Discovery in Translational Research (A Case Study)
Matthew Stokes, Ph.D., and Christopher Rose, Ph.D. introduce Cell Signaling Technology’s PTMScan® method and provide a demonstration of its applications.
Scientific posters presented by CST scientists at various conferences and trade shows through the years.