WB, IHC-Bond, IHC-P, FC-FP
H
Endogenous
9-40
Rabbit IgG
#O00182
3965
Product Information
Product Usage Information
| Application | Dilution |
|---|---|
| Western Blotting | 1:1000 |
| IHC Leica Bond | 1:800 |
| Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) | 1:800 |
| Flow Cytometry (Fixed/Permeabilized) | 1:1600 |
Storage
For a carrier free (BSA and azide free) version of this product see product #71325.
Specificity / Sensitivity
Species Reactivity:
Human
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with recombinant human galectin-9 protein.
Background
Galectins are a family of β-galactose binding proteins that are characterized by an affinity for poly-N-acetyllactosamine-enriched glycoconjugates and a carbohydrate-binding site (1,2). Members of the galectin family have been implicated in a variety of biological functions, including cell adhesion (3), growth regulation (4), cytokine production (5), T-cell apoptosis (6), and immune responses (7).
Galectin-9 is induced by proinflammatory stimuli, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TLR ligands, and regulates various immune responses through interaction with its ligand TIM-3 (8, 9). Binding of galectin-9 to TIM-3 expressed by Th1 CD4 T cells resulted in T cell death (9). On the other hand, galectin-9 treatment of tumor-bearing mice increased the number of IFN-γ-producing TIM-3+ CD8 T cells and TIM-3+ dendritic cells (10). Transgenic overexpression of either TIM-3 or galectin-9 in mice led to an increase in cells with a myeloid-derived suppressor cell phenotype and inhibition of immune responses (11). CD44 is also proposed to be a receptor for galectin-9, and interaction of galectin-9 with CD44 expressed by induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells enhanced the stability of function of iTreg cells. In addition, galectin-9 was recently demonstrated to bind Dectin-1 expressed by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-infiltrating macrophages, resulting in tolerogenic macrophage reprogramming and suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Increased galectin-9 expression has been observed in several cancer types, including lung, liver, breast, and kidney (12). Alternative splicing of the galectin-9 transcript leads to several isoforms (13).
- Barondes, S.H. et al. (1994) Cell 76, 597-8.
- Barondes, S.H. et al. (1994) J Biol Chem 269, 20807-10.
- Offner, H. et al. (1990) J Neuroimmunol 28, 177-84.
- Wells, V. and Mallucci, L. (1991) Cell 64, 91-7.
- Filer, A. et al. (2009) Arthritis Rheum 60, 1604-14.
- Perillo, N.L. et al. (1995) Nature 378, 736-9.
- Cooper, D.N. et al. (1991) J Cell Biol 115, 1437-48.
- Gieseke, F. et al. (2013) Eur J Immunol 43, 2741-9.
- Zhu, C. et al. (2005) Nat Immunol 6, 1245-52.
- Nagahara, K. et al. (2008) J Immunol 181, 7660-9.
- Dardalhon, V. et al. (2010) J Immunol 185, 1383-92.
- Heusschen, R. et al. (2014) Biochim Biophys Acta 1842, 284-92.
- Heusschen, R. et al. (2013) Biol Reprod 88, 22.
Species Reactivity
Species reactivity is determined by testing in at least one approved application (e.g., western blot).
Western Blot Buffer
IMPORTANT: For western blots, incubate membrane with diluted primary antibody in 5% w/v BSA, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween® 20 at 4°C with gentle shaking, overnight.
Applications Key
WB: Western Blotting IHC-Bond: IHC Leica Bond IHC-P: Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) FC-FP: Flow Cytometry (Fixed/Permeabilized)
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: human M: mouse R: rat Hm: hamster Mk: monkey Vir: virus Mi: mink C: chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: zebrafish B: bovine Dg: dog Pg: pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: rabbit All: all species expected
Trademarks and Patents
Limited Uses
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