Background
The ligand Retinoic Acid (Tretinoin) binds retinoic acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ) and retinoid X receptors (RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ). RAR-RXR heterodimers and RXR homodimers control gene expression by binding to specific Retinoic Acid response elements, by recruiting cofactors and the transcriptional machinery, and by indirectly regulating chromatin structure (1). Signaling pathways controlled by Retinoic Acid coordinate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and development of many organs and tissues (2). Oxidation of vitamin A creates a retinal intermediate which is subsequently oxidized to form Retinoic Acid (3). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an active metabolite of vitamin A that is used in the treatment of several cancers, including ovarian carcinoma, bladder cancer, neuroblastoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. ATRA inhibits inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and inhibits proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells (4). A topical version of Retinoic Acid (Tretinoin) has long been used to treat acne and the effects of photoaging of the skin (5).
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- Ghyselinck, N.B. and Duester, G. (2019) Development 146, dev167502. doi: 10.1242/dev.167502.
- Kam, R.K. et al. (2012) Cell Biosci 2, 11.
- Siddikuzzaman et al. (2011) Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 33, 241-9.
- Szymański, Ł. et al. (2020) Cells 9, 2660. doi: 10.3390/cells9122660.
Molecular Formula
C20H28O2
Molecular Weight
300.4 g/mol
Purity
>98%
CAS
302-79-4
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO at 25 mg/mL or ethanol at 10 mg/mL.
Storage
Directions for Use
Background References
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: human M: mouse R: rat Hm: hamster Mk: monkey Vir: virus Mi: mink C: chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: zebrafish B: bovine Dg: dog Pg: pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: rabbit All: all species expected
Trademarks and Patents
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