ADAR Antibodies

Target Information

Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structure-dependent activities such as microRNA production or targeting or protein-RNA interactions. Can edit both viral and cellular RNAs and can edit RNAs at multiple sites (hyper-editing) or at specific sites (site-specific editing). Its cellular RNA substrates include: bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate (GRIA2) and serotonin (HTR2C) and GABA receptor (GABRA3). Site-specific RNA editing of transcripts encoding these proteins results in amino acid substitutions which consequently alters their functional activities. Exhibits low-level editing at the GRIA2 Q/R site, but edits efficiently at the R/G site and HOTSPOT1. Its viral RNA substrates include: hepatitis C virus (HCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Exhibits either a proviral (HDV, MV, VSV and HIV-1) or an antiviral effect (HCV) and this can be editing-dependent (HDV and HCV), editing-independent (VSV and MV) or both (HIV-1). Impairs HCV replication via RNA editing at multiple sites. Enhances the replication of MV, VSV and HIV-1 through an editing-independent mechanism via suppression of EIF2AK2/PKR activation and function. Stimulates both the release and infectivity of HIV-1 viral particles by an editing-dependent mechanism where it associates with viral RNAs and edits adenosines in the 5'UTR and the Rev and Tat coding sequence. Can enhance viral replication of HDV via A-to-I editing at a site designated as amber/W, thereby changing an UAG amber stop codon to an UIG tryptophan (W) codon that permits synthesis of the large delta antigen (L-HDAg) which has a key role in the assembly of viral particles. However, high levels of ADAR1 inhibit HDV replication. Ubiquitously expressed, highest levels were found in brain and lung (PubMed:7972084). Isoform 5 is expressed at higher levels in astrocytomas as compared to normal brain tissue and expression increases strikingly with the severity of the tumor, being higher in the most aggressive tumors. 4 human isoforms generated by alternative promoter usage or alternative splicing have been reported. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB.

Alternate Names

136 kDa double-stranded RNA binding protein; 136 kDa double-stranded RNA-binding protein; ADAR; Adar; ADAR iso5; ADAR1; Adar1; Adar1p110; Adar1p150; ADAR1S; adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1-A; adenosine deaminase RNA specific; adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific; AGS6; AV242451; Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase; DRADA; DSH; DSRAD; dsRNA adenosine deaminase; dsRNA adeonosine deaminase; G1P1; IFI-4; IFI4; interferon-induced protein 4; Interferon-inducible protein 4; K88DSRBP; mZa; mZaADAR; OTTMUSP00000021978; OTTMUSP00000021979; p110; p136; RNA adenosine deaminase 1; RNA-specific adenosine deaminase p110 form; RNA-specific adenosine deaminase p150 form