Phospho-Akt Pathway Antibody Sampler Kit #9916
Product Information
Kit Usage Information
Protocols
- 3438: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Magnetic)
- 4060: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Agarose), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence, Flow
- 4691: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Agarose), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence, Flow
- 5558: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Agarose), Immunofluorescence, Flow
- 7074: Western Blotting
- 9421: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Agarose)
- 9551: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Magnetic)
- 13038: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Agarose), Immunofluorescence, Flow
Product Description
Specificity / Sensitivity
Each phospho-specific antibody recognizes the phosphorylated form of its target. Akt Antibody recognizes total Akt protein, independent of its phosphorylation state.
Source / Purification
Antibodies are produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptides corresponding to residues surrounding Ser473 or Thr308 of human Akt, Ser9 of human GSK-3ß, Ser259 of human c-Raf, Ser380 of human PTEN or Ser241 of human PDK1. Polyclonal antibodies are purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography.
Background
Akt, also referred to as PKB or Rac, plays a critical role in controlling cell survival and apoptosis (1-3). This protein kinase is activated by insulin and various growth and survival factors to function in a wortmannin-sensitive pathway involving PI3 kinase (2,3). Akt is activated by phospholipid binding and activation loop phosphorylation at Thr308 by PDK1 (4) and by phosphorylation within the carboxy terminus at Ser473. The previously elusive PDK2 responsible for phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 has been identified as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in a rapamycin-insensitive complex with rictor and Sin1 (5,6). Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis through phosphorylation and inactivation of several targets, including Bad (7), forkhead transcription factors (8), c-Raf (9), and caspase-9. PTEN phosphatase is a major negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (10). LY294002 is a specific PI3 kinase inhibitor (11). Another essential Akt function is the regulation of glycogen synthesis through phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3α and β (12,13). Akt may also play a role in insulin stimulation of glucose transport (12). In addition to its role in survival and glycogen synthesis, Akt is involved in cell cycle regulation by preventing GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of cyclin D1 (14) and by negatively regulating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 Kip1 (15) and p21 Waf1/Cip1 (16). Akt also plays a critical role in cell growth by directly phosphorylating mTOR in a rapamycin-sensitive complex containing raptor (17). More importantly, Akt phosphorylates and inactivates tuberin (TSC2), an inhibitor of mTOR within the mTOR-raptor complex (18,19).
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- Vlahos, C.J. et al. (1994) J Biol Chem 269, 5241-8.
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- Diehl, J.A. et al. (1998) Genes Dev 12, 3499-511.
- Gesbert, F. et al. (2000) J Biol Chem 275, 39223-30.
- Zhou, B.P. et al. (2001) Nat Cell Biol 3, 245-52.
- Navé, B.T. et al. (1999) Biochem J 344 Pt 2, 427-31.
- Inoki, K. et al. (2002) Nat Cell Biol 4, 648-57.
- Manning, B.D. et al. (2002) Mol Cell 10, 151-62.
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