Galectin-9 (D9R4A) & CO-0247-647 SignalStar® Oligo-Antibody Pair #43441
- IHC
Order Information # 43441
This product is not sold separately. Please see the SignalStar® Multiplex IHC Panel Builder Tool for ordering information.
Product Information
Product Usage Information
| Application | Dilution |
|---|---|
| SignalStar™ Leica Bond | 1:50 - 1:200 |
| SignalStar™ Manual | 1:50 - 1:200 |
Storage
Product Description
SignalStar Oligo-Antibody Pairs are compatible with the SignalStar Multiplex IHC Buffer Kits for use in fluorescent multiplex imaging experiments. This product includes the oligo-conjugated antibodies and complementary oligos required for labeling your target protein on up to 10 slides. SignalStar Multiplex IHC Buffer Kits are required to amplify and image the target signal. Multiple oligo-antibody pairs can be conveniently combined into a multiplex panel using the SignalStar Multiplex IHC Panel Builder. SignalStar Multiplex IHC Kits & Reagents are not compatible with all of Cell Signaling Technology® products and protocols that are recommended for use in immunohistochemical assays.
Protocol
Specificity / Sensitivity
Species Reactivity:
Source / Purification
Background
Galectin-9 is induced by proinflammatory stimuli, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TLR ligands, and regulates various immune responses through interaction with its ligand TIM-3 (8, 9). Binding of galectin-9 to TIM-3 expressed by Th1 CD4 T cells resulted in T cell death (9). On the other hand, galectin-9 treatment of tumor-bearing mice increased the number of IFN-γ-producing TIM-3+ CD8 T cells and TIM-3+ dendritic cells (10). Transgenic overexpression of either TIM-3 or galectin-9 in mice led to an increase in cells with a myeloid-derived suppressor cell phenotype and inhibition of immune responses (11). CD44 is also proposed to be a receptor for galectin-9, and interaction of galectin-9 with CD44 expressed by induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells enhanced the stability of function of iTreg cells. In addition, galectin-9 was recently demonstrated to bind Dectin-1 expressed by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-infiltrating macrophages, resulting in tolerogenic macrophage reprogramming and suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Increased galectin-9 expression has been observed in several cancer types, including lung, liver, breast, and kidney (12). Alternative splicing of the galectin-9 transcript leads to several isoforms (13).
- Barondes, S.H. et al. (1994) Cell 76, 597-8.
- Barondes, S.H. et al. (1994) J Biol Chem 269, 20807-10.
- Offner, H. et al. (1990) J Neuroimmunol 28, 177-84.
- Wells, V. and Mallucci, L. (1991) Cell 64, 91-7.
- Filer, A. et al. (2009) Arthritis Rheum 60, 1604-14.
- Perillo, N.L. et al. (1995) Nature 378, 736-9.
- Cooper, D.N. et al. (1991) J Cell Biol 115, 1437-48.
- Gieseke, F. et al. (2013) Eur J Immunol 43, 2741-9.
- Zhu, C. et al. (2005) Nat Immunol 6, 1245-52.
- Nagahara, K. et al. (2008) J Immunol 181, 7660-9.
- Dardalhon, V. et al. (2010) J Immunol 185, 1383-92.
- Heusschen, R. et al. (2014) Biochim Biophys Acta 1842, 284-92.
- Heusschen, R. et al. (2013) Biol Reprod 88, 22.
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