PML Antibodies

Target Information

a zinc-finger protein that regulates a wide range of cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, senescence, DNA damage response, glycolysis, tumor suppression, apoptosis, and viral defense activity against DNA and RNA viruses. Its antiviral activity can involve one or several isoform(s) and can be enhanced by the permanent PML-NB-associated protein DAXX or by the recruitment of p53 within these structures. PML also regulates transcription activity of ELF4 and can act as an important mediator for TNF-alpha- and IFN-alpha-mediated inhibition of endothelial cell network formation and migration. Various isoforms localize in different subcellular locations. Many are reported to have distinct functions. Nuclear PMLs can localize to PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), where they function as scaffolds, allowing other proteins to shuttle in and out, a process regulated by SUMO-mediated modifications and interactions. Sumoylated forms interact with SATB1 and localize to the PML-NBs. Sumoylation on three sites is required for nuclear body formation. Sumoylation on Lys-160 is a prerequisite for sumoylation on Lys-65. The B1 box and the RING finger are also required for localization to nuclear bodies. Nuclear isoforms (isoforms-1, -8, -9, -5, -2), in concert with SATB1, are involved in local chromatin-loop remodeling and gene expression regulation, for example, at the MHC-I locus. Interacts with SIRT1, TOPBP1, TRIM27 and TRIM69. Isoform-8 is required for efficient IFN-gamma induced MHC II gene transcription via regulation of CIITA. Isoform-9 exhibits antiviral activity against poliovirus by inducing apoptosis in infected cells. Represses human foamy virus (HFV) transcription. Isoform-5 has a multifaceted role in the regulation of apoptosis and growth suppression: activates RB1 and inhibits AKT1 via interactions with PP1 and PP2A phosphatases respectively, negatively affects the PI3K pathway by inhibiting MTOR and activating PTEN, and positively regulates p53 by acting at different levels (by promoting its acetylation and phosphorylation and by inhibiting its MDM2-dependent degradation). Acts as a transcriptional repressor of TBX2 during cellular senescence and the repression is dependent on a functional RBL2-E2F4 repressor complex. Regulates double-strand break repair via its interaction with WRN. Acts as a negative regulator of telomerase by interacting with TERT. Regulates PER2 nuclear localization and circadian function. Isoform-5 restricts varicella zoster virus (VZV) via sequestration of virion capsids in PML-NBs. Sumoylated isoform-5 restricts rabies virus by inhibiting viral mRNA and protein synthesis. Isoform-8 may enhance adenovirus transcription. Cytoplasmic forms regulate glycolysis by inhibiting the enzymatically active tetrameric form of PKM2, and are involved in the regulation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Twelve alternatively-spliced human isoforms have been reported. Isoform-4 inhibits specifically the activity of the tetrameric form of PKM. Shows restriction activity towards human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and influenza A virus strains PR8(H1N1) and ST364(H3N2). The cytoplasmic isoform-14 can restrict herpes simplex virus-1 (HHV-1) replication by sequestering the viral E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ICP0 in the cytoplasm. A chromosomal aberration involving PML can cause acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). 12 alternatively-spliced human isoforms have been reported. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB.

Alternate Names

MYL; PML; PML nuclear body scaffold; PML/RARA fusion; PP8675; Probable transcription factor PML; promyelocytic leukemia; promyelocytic leukemia protein; promyelocytic leukemia, inducer of; Protein PML; RING finger protein 71; RNF71; TRIM19; tripartite motif protein TRIM19; Tripartite motif-containing protein 19