Product Information
Human
Cytokines are secreted intercellular signaling molecules that regulate many biological processes including inflammation, host defense, and cell differentiation. Cytokine profiles may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that distinguish between healthy and diseased states. The PathScan® Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Antibody Array Kit offers an antibody panel against a broad array of cytokines to enable measurement of their relative changes in cell culture supernatants.
Upon activation, naive CD4+ helper T cells differentiate into distinct functional subsets. The development of these subsets is driven, in part, by the cytokine milieu. Type 1 (Th1) cells help drive cellular immunity against intracellular pathogens. IL-12 and IFN-γ induce Th1 cell development. Th1 cells produce IFN-γ and IL-2, which provide a positive feedback loop to enhance Th1 cell differentiation and NK cell and CD8+ T cell cytolytic activity.
Th2 cells play a crucial role in the humoral immune response against extracellular pathogens. IL-4 drives development of Th2 cells, which subsequently produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. These cytokines induce B cell proliferation, antibody production, IgE class switching, and activate eosinophils respectively.
Another distinct helper T cell lineage, Th17, is important for mucosal immunity. Dysregulation of Th17 may significantly contribute to the development of autoimmunity. IL-17 produced by Th17 cells induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, and TNF-α. Many of these molecules link innate and adaptive immunity through the recruitment and activation of innate immune cells.
Effective immune responses require finely tuned coordination between pro and anti-inflammatory signals. Pro-inflammatory molecules play important roles in activating key immune players to fight infection. IL-8 induces granulocyte migration and activates neutrophil phagocytic activity. GM-CSF mobilizes monocytes into infected tissue and activates macrophage and neutrophils. TNF-α is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine involved with a number of processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Uncontrolled inflammation may damage surrounding host tissue. IL-10 is a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine that serves to terminate the acute inflammatory response by inhibiting Th1 cell function and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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