Render Target: STATIC
Render Timestamp: 2024-11-05T10:05:14.518Z
Commit: 57f6e368eba1a427377652f2ad915d45d7f340a4
XML generation date: 2024-06-10 16:01:13.544
Product last modified at: 2024-06-05T07:00:56.338Z
1% for the planet logo
PDP - Template Name: Antibody Sampler Kit
PDP - Template ID: *******4a3ef3a

Human Exhausted T Cell Antibody Sampler Kit #81490

    Product Information

    Product Description

    The Human Exhausted T Cell Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means of characterizing the extent of exhaustion in T cells. This kit includes enough antibodies to perform two western blot experiments with each primary antibody.

    Specificity / Sensitivity

    Each antibody in the Human Exhausted T Cell Antibody Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target human protein. Tox/Tox2 (E6G5O) Rabbit mAb does not cross-react with Tox3 or Tox4 proteins, but does cross-react with an unidentified protein of 50 kDa in some murine cell extracts. TCF1/TCF7 (C63D9) Rabbit mAb does not recognize the dominant negative isoforms of TCF1/TCF7 lacking the amino-terminal β-catenin binding domain and does not cross-react with LEF1. TIGIT (E5Y1W) XP® Rabbit mAb cross-reacts with an unidentified protein of 42 kDa in some cell extracts. 2B4/SLAMF4/CD244 (D5J9D) Rabbit mAb cross-reacts with an unidentified protein of 18 kDa in some cell extracts.

    Source / Purification

    Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Gln435 of human Tox protein, Pro96 of human TCF1/TCF7 protein, Pro180 of human EOMES protein, Ala274 of human PD-1 protein, Leu95 of human CTLA-4 protein, and Asp367 of human 2B4/SLAMF4/CD244 protein. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a recombinant protein specific to the carboxy terminus of human TIGIT protein, the extracellular domain of human TIM-3 protein, and the amino terminus of human LAG3 protein.

    Background

    Tox, TCF1/TCF7, and EOMES play key roles in T cell development. Tox is also induced by high antigen stimulation during chronic viral infection or cancer, regulating T cell persistence and exhaustion. TCF1/TCF7 preserves the effector function of exhausted T cells during viral infection or cancer. EOMES is a key transcription factor for memory T cells and for full effector differentiation of CD8+ T cells. Expression of EOMES is induced in CD8+ T cells following viral infection and bacterial infection, and high levels of EOMES promotes T cell exhaustion. The dynamic expression of these transcription factors help characterize the extent to which a T cell is exhausted and will respond to antigen stimulation (1-5)

    PD-1 (PDCD1, CD279), CTLA-4 (CD152), TIGIT (VSIG9, VSTM3), TIM-3 (HAVCR2), LAG3 (CD223), and 2B4 (SLAMF4, CD244) are immune cell co-inhibitory receptors (also known as immune checkpoints) that negatively regulate T cell function and dampen the immune response to pathogens and cancer. In addition to activated T cells, PD-1 is expressed by activated B cells and monocytes. Following interaction with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, PD-1 is phosphorylated at ITIM and ITSM motifs leading to recruitment of protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 and suppression of TCR signaling. CTLA-4 protein is primarily expressed on T cells, including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+ helper T cells, and CD4+/FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. CTLA-4 protein competes with CD28 for B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) binding at the cell surface, resulting in downregulation of T cell activity. TIGIT is expressed at low levels on subsets of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and is upregulated at the protein level following activation of these cells. TIGIT marks exhausted T cells in the tumor microenvironment and during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. TIM-3 is expressed by exhausted T cells in the settings of chronic infection and cancer. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells also express TIM-3. LAG3 is primarily expressed by activated CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), and NK cells. 2B4 is a heterophilic cell surface receptor expressed on a variety of immune cells, including NK cells, T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells. 2B4 has been shown to have both immune stimulatory and inhibitory effects on cells. Co-expression of multiple immune checkpoints help characterize the extent to which a T cell is exhausted and will respond to antigen stimulation. Therapeutic blockade of several of these immune checkpoint receptors is a promising strategy for neoplastic intervention by enabling anti-tumor immune responses (6-13).
    For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.
    Cell Signaling Technology is a trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
    XP is a registered trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
    U.S. Patent No. 7,429,487, foreign equivalents, and child patents deriving therefrom.
    All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Visit our Trademark Information page.