Human Reactive M1 vs M2 Macrophage IHC Antibody Sampler Kit #84223
Product Information
Kit Usage Information
Protocols
- 7074: Western Blotting
- 9167: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Magnetic), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence*, Flow, ChIP Magnetic, Chromatin IP-seq
- 45581: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Leica® Bond™), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence*
- 76437: Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence*, Flow, Flow Cytometry Live Cell Unconjugated Rabbit
- 91882: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Leica® Bond™), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence*
- 91992: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Leica® Bond™), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence*
- 93498: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Leica® Bond™), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin)
- 97971: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Leica® Bond™), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin)
Product Description
Specificity / Sensitivity
Each antibody in the Human Reactive M1 vs M2 Macrophage IHC Antibody Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target human protein. CD11c (D3V1E) XP® Rabbit mAb does not cross-react with CD11b. Phospho-Stat1 (Tyr701) (58D6) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of Stat1 only when phosphorylated at tyrosine 701. The antibody detects phosphorylated tyrosine 701 of p91 Stat1 and also the p84 splice variant. It does not cross-react with the corresponding phospho-tyrosines of other Stat proteins.
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a recombinant protein specific to human CD68, CD163, CD206/MRC1, and CD11c, or with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues surrounding Val153 of human HLA-DRA protein and Pro239 of human CD86 protein, or with synthetic phosphopeptides corresponding to residues surrounding Tyr701 of human Stat1 protein.
Background
Macrophages are myeloid cells of the innate immune system that are found in all human tissues in the body and exhibit anatomical and functional diversity. These heterogenous cells are derived from monocyte precursors in the blood that infiltrate into the tissues and differentiate in the presence of cytokines and growth factors. A spectrum of different macrophage phenotypes, or polarizations, have been described based on their secretory profiles, gene expression, and functions. Macrophages have great plasticity and can switch from one phenotype to another under different conditions. At the opposite extremes of this spectrum are so called M1, or classically activated phenotype, and M2 or alternatively activated phenotype. M1 macrophages are generally inflammatory and anti-tumor, while M2 macrophages, commonly referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), are generally anti-inflammatory and pro-tumor. Relative contents of M1 and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment may have prognostic values. Modulating macrophage polarization is actively pursued as a therapeutic intervention for many different diseases (1-6).
In humans, CD68 is considered a general marker for macrophages. CD11c, CD86, HLA-DRA, phospho-STAT1 (Tyr701), and others have been used as markers for M1 macrophages, while CD163, CD206, and others have been used as markers for M2 macrophages (7-10).
- Wynn, T.A. et al. (2013) Nature 496, 445-55.
- Biswas, S.K. and Mantovani, A. (2010) Nat Immunol 11, 889-96.
- Mills, C.D. (2012) Crit Rev Immunol 32, 463-88.
- Wang, N. et al. (2014) Front Immunol 5, 614.
- Orecchioni, M. et al. (2019) Front Immunol 10, 1084.
- Yunna, C. et al. (2020) Eur J Pharmacol 877, 173090.
- Shu, Q.H. et al. (2016) J Cell Mol Med 20, 1024-35.
- Dong, P. et al. (2016) Int J Mol Sci 17, 320.
- Lin, M.W. et al. (2016) Ann Surg Oncol 23, 3071-81.
- Rakaee, M. et al. (2019) Neoplasia 21, 282-293.
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