REACTIVITY | SENSITIVITY | MW (kDa) | Isotype |
---|---|---|---|
H M R Mk | Endogenous | 60 | Rabbit IgG |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines and mouse skeletal muscle using PKM2 (D78A4) XP® Rabbit mAb (upper) or GAPDH (14C10) Rabbit mAb #2118.
Learn more about how we get our imagesImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma using PKM2 (D78A4) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Learn more about how we get our imagesImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lymphoma using PKM2 (D78A4) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Learn more about how we get our imagesImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human skeletal muscle using PKM2 (D78A4) XP® Rabbit mAb. Note the lack of staining in the skeletal muscle cells which do not express PKM2 while vessels within the tissue stain positively.
Learn more about how we get our imagesConfocal immunofluorescent analysis of A204 cells using PKM2 (D78A4) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye).
Learn more about how we get our imagesFlow cytometric analysis of 293T cells, transfected with PKM2 siRNA (blue) or mock transfected (green), using PKM2 (D78A4) XP® Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or a concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')2 Fragment (PE Conjugate) #8885 was used as a secondary antibody.
Learn more about how we get our imagesFor western blots, incubate membrane with diluted primary antibody in 5% w/v BSA, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween® 20 at 4°C with gentle shaking, overnight.
NOTE: Please refer to primary antibody datasheet or product webpage for recommended antibody dilution.
From sample preparation to detection, the reagents you need for your Western Blot are now in one convenient kit: #12957 Western Blotting Application Solutions Kit
NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.
Load 20 µl onto SDS-PAGE gel (10 cm x 10 cm).
NOTE: Loading of prestained molecular weight markers (#13953, 5 µl/lane) to verify electrotransfer and biotinylated protein ladder (#7727, 10 µl/lane) to determine molecular weights are recommended.
NOTE: Volumes are for 10 cm x 10 cm (100 cm2) of membrane; for different sized membranes, adjust volumes accordingly.
* Avoid repeated exposure to skin.
posted June 2005
revised November 2013
Reprobing of an existing membrane is a convenient means to immunoblot for multiple proteins independently when only a limited amount of sample is available. It should be noted that for the best possible results a fresh blot is always recommended. Reprobing can be a valuable method but with each reprobing of a blot there is potential for increased background signal. Additionally, it is recommended that you verify the removal of the first antibody complex prior to reprobing so that signal attributed to binding of the new antibody is not leftover signal from the first immunoblotting experiment. This can be done by re-exposing the blot to ECL reagents and making sure there is no signal prior to adding the next primary antibody.
NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalently purified water.
posted June 2005
revised October 2016
Protocol Id: 10
This protocol is intended for immunoprecipitation of native proteins for analysis by western immunoblot or kinase activity utilizing magnetic separation.
NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.
10X Cell Lysis Buffer: (#9803) To prepare 10 ml of 1X cell lysis buffer, add 1 ml cell lysis buffer to 9 ml dH2O, mix.
NOTE: Add 1 mM PMSF (#8553) immediately prior to use.
A cell lysate pre-clearing step is highly recommended to reduce non-specific protein binding to the Protein A Magnetic beads. Pre-clear enough lysate for test samples and isotype controls.
IMPORTANT: Pre-wash #73778 magnetic beads just prior to use:
Carefully remove the buffer once the solution is clear. Add 500 μl of 1X cell lysis buffer to the magnetic bead pellet, briefly vortex to wash the beads. Place tube back in magnetic separation rack. Remove buffer once solution is clear. Repeat washing step once more.
IMPORTANT: The optimal lysate concentration will depend on the expression level of the protein of interest. A starting concentration between 250 μg/ml-1.0 mg/ml is recommended.
IMPORTANT: Appropriate isotype controls are highly recommended in order to show specific binding in your primary antibody immunoprecipitation. Use Normal Rabbit IgG #2729 for rabbit polyclonal primary antibodies, Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 for rabbit monoclonal primary antibodies, and Mouse (G3A1) mAb IgG1 Isotype Control #5415 for mouse monoclonal primary antibodies. Isotype controls should be concentration matched and run alongside the primary antibody samples
Proceed to one of the following specific set of steps.
NOTE: To minimize masking caused by denatured IgG heavy chains (~50 kDa), we recommend using Mouse Anti-Rabbit IgG (Light-Chain Specific) (D4W3E) mAb (#45262) or Mouse Anti-Rabbit IgG (Conformation Specific) (L27A9) mAb (#3678) (or HRP conjugate #5127). To minimize masking caused by denatured IgG light chains (~25 kDa), we recommend using Mouse Anti-Rabbit IgG (Conformation Specific) (L27A9) mAb (#3678) (or HRP conjugate #5127).
posted December 2008
revised October 2017
Protocol Id: 410
NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.
NOTE: Do not allow slides to dry at any time during this procedure.
For Citrate: Heat slides in a microwave submersed in 1X citrate unmasking solution until boiling is initiated; follow with 10 min at a sub-boiling temperature (95°-98°C). Cool slides on bench top for 30 min.
posted February 2010
revised March 2016
Protocol Id: 283
Achieve higher quality immunofluorescent images using the efficient and cost-effective, pre-made reagents in our #12727 Immunofluorescence Application Solutions Kit
NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.
Recommended Fluorochrome-conjugated Anti-Rabbit secondary antibodies:
NOTE: Cells should be grown, treated, fixed and stained directly in multi-well plates, chamber slides or on coverslips.
Aspirate liquid, then cover cells to a depth of 2–3 mm with 4% formaldehyde diluted in 1X PBS.
NOTE: Formaldehyde is toxic, use only in a fume hood.
NOTE: All subsequent incubations should be carried out at room temperature unless otherwise noted in a humid light-tight box or covered dish/plate to prevent drying and fluorochrome fading.
posted November 2006
revised November 2013
Protocol Id: 24
NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.
NOTE: If using whole blood, lyse red blood cells and wash by centrifugation prior to fixation.
NOTE: Count cells using a hemocytometer or alternative method.
posted July 2009
revised June 2017
Protocol Id: 404
Application | Dilutions |
---|---|
Western Blotting | 1:1000 |
Immunoprecipitation | 1:50 |
Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) | 1:800 |
Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry) | 1:100 |
Flow Cytometry | 1:50 |
Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02% sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody.
PKM2 (D78A4) XP® Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of total PKM2 protein and does not cross-react with PKM1.
Human, Mouse, Rat, Monkey
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of human PKM2.
Pyruvate kinase is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyses the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. In mammals, the M1 isoform (PKM1) is expressed in most adult tissues (1). The M2 isoform (PKM2) is an alternatively spliced variant of M1 that is expressed during embryonic development (1). Research studies found that cancer cells exclusively express PKM2 (1-3). PKM2 is shown to be essential for aerobic glycolysis in tumors, known as the Warburg effect (1). When cancer cells switch from the M2 isoform to the M1 isoform, aerobic glycolysis is reduced and oxidative phosphorylation is increased (1). These cells also show decreased tumorigenicity in mouse xenografts (1). Recent studies showed that PKM2 is not essential for all tumor cells (4). In the tumor model studied, PKM2 was found to be active in the non-proliferative tumor cell population and inactive in the proliferative tumor cell population (4).
Cell Signaling Technology is a trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. XP is a registered trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. DRAQ5 is a registered trademark of Biostatus Limited.
Explore pathways related to this product.
Product # | Size | Price |
---|---|---|
4053T | 20 µl (2 western blots) | $ 120.0 |
4053S | 100 µl (10 western blots) | $ 287.0 |