Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarker Antibody Sampler Kit #55016
Product Information
Kit Usage Information
Protocols
- 2837: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence
- 3450: Western Blotting, Immunofluorescence
- 7074: Western Blotting
- 13179: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Flow
- 46687: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence, Immunofluorescence
- 65162: Western Blotting, Immunofluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Flow Triton Permeabilization (Rabbit)
- 78896: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence, Immunofluorescence
- 80788: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Leica® Bond™), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence, Immunofluorescence
- 90393: Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence, Immunofluorescence
Product Description
Specificity / Sensitivity
Each antibody in the Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarker Antibody Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target protein. S100B (E7C3A) Rabbit mAb recognizes human S100B protein and is also reactive with mouse S100B; however, this antibody is not suggested for immunohistochemical analysis of mouse tissues. UCHL1 (D3T2E) XP® Rabbit mAb does not cross-react with other UCH family members. Enolase-2 (E7D7I) Rabbit mAb does not cross-react with human Enolase-1 protein.
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding His86 of human S100B protein, Glu450 of human Neurofilament-L protein, Asp430 of human tau protein, Ala185 of human myelin basic protein, Gln53 of human PSD95 protein, residues near the carboxy terminus of human Enolase-2 protein and human UCHL1 protein, and recombinant protein specific to human GFAP protein.
Background
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide health issue that significantly affects the patient as well as their family. Annual total cost of nonfatal TBI in 2016 was $40.6 billion in the United States (1). In addition to acute brain injury, even mild cases, can lead to cognitive impairment and long-term psychiatric changes. More long term, TBI patients exhibit lower resilience to neurodegenerative disease-associated pathology (2). Treatment of TBI is made more difficult due to lack of reliable biomarkers to detect TBI (3). Several proteins are of interest, which are candidates for measurement in blood after TBI. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an astrocytic intermediate filament protein. As a cytoskeletal protein, GFAP helps provide structural support to astrocytes, which provide metabolic support to neurons and maintains the blood brain barrier. The number and size of astrocytes, in a process called astrogliosis, is also positively correlated with brain injury (4). Also abundantly expressed in astrocytes, S100B is commonly used as an astrocytic marker and is positively correlated with TBI (5). Neurofilament-L (NfL) and tau are part of the neuronal cytoskeleton that provide structure to axons. Axons are covered by a multi-layered membrane called the myelin sheath. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is enriched in myelin and helps maintain its structure. UCHL1 and Enolase-2 are ubiquitin hydrolases and glycolytic enzymes, respectively, that are enriched in neurons. PSD95 is an adaptor protein enriched at postsynaptic sites in neurons. After brain injury, neuron-enriched proteins, as well as proteins that maintain neuronal/axonal integrity, can be measured in the blood, reflecting neuronal damage (6).
- Miller, G.F. et al. (2021) Med Care 59, 451-455.
- van Amerongen, S. et al. (2022) Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 12, 122-130.
- Alouani, A.T. and Elfouly, T. (2022) Biomedicines 10, 2472.
- Yang, Z. and Wang, K.K. (2015) Trends Neurosci 38, 364-74.
- Steinmüller, J.B. et al. (2022) Neurotrauma Rep 3, 447-455.
- Lippa, S.M. et al. (2022) Front Neurol 13, 816625.
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