Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry)

A. Solutions and Reagents

NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalently purified water.

1. 20X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS): (9808) To prepare 1L 1X PBS: add 50 ml 20X PBS to 950 ml dH₂O, mix. Adjust pH to 8.0.
2. Formaldehyde: 16%, methanol free, Polysciences, Inc. (cat# 18814), use fresh and store opened vials at 4°C in dark, dilute in 1X PBS for use.
3. Dodecyltrimethylammonium Chloride (DOTMAC), greater than 97.0%, TCI America (cat. # D1016), reconstitute in 1X PBS for use.
4. Blocking Buffer (1X PBS / 5% normal goat serum (#5425)):
   To prepare 10 ml, add 0.5 ml 20X PBS, 0.5 ml normal serum from the same species as the secondary antibody (e.g., normal goat serum, normal donkey serum) and 9 ml dH₂O and mix well.
5. Antibody Dilution Buffer (1X PBS / 1% BSA): To prepare 10 ml, add 0.1 g BSA (9998) to 10 ml 1X PBS and mix well.

6. Recommended Fluorochrome-conjugated Anti-Rabbit secondary antibodies:

   • Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')₂ Fragment (Alexa Fluor^® 488 Conjugate) #4412
   • Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')₂ Fragment (Alexa Fluor^® 555 Conjugate) #4413
   • Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')₂ Fragment (Alexa Fluor^® 594 Conjugate) #8889
   • Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')₂ Fragment (Alexa Fluor^® 647 Conjugate) #4414
7. Prolong^® Gold AntiFade Reagent (#9071), Prolong^® Gold AntiFade Reagent with DAPI (#8961).

B. Specimen Preparation - Cultured Cell Lines (IF-IC)

NOTE: Cells should be grown, treated, fixed and stained directly in multi-well plates, chamber slides or on coverslips.

1. Aspirate liquid then, cover cells to a depth of 2–3 mm with 4% formaldehyde in 1X PBS.
   NOTE: Formaldehyde is toxic, use only in fume hood.
2. Allow cells to fix for 15 minutes at room temperature.
3. Aspirate fixative, rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 minutes each.
4. Proceed with Immunostaining (Section C).

C. Immunostaining

NOTE: All subsequent incubations should be carried out at room temperature unless otherwise noted in a humid light-tight box or covered dish/plate to prevent drying and fluorochrome fading.

1. DOTMAC Permeabilization Step: Cover cells with 0.05% DOTMAC diluted in 1X PBS. Incubate for 15 minutes at RT, rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 minutes.
2. Block specimen in Blocking Buffer for 60 minutes.
3. While blocking, prepare primary antibody by diluting as indicated on product webpage in Antibody Dilution Buffer.
4. Aspirate blocking solution, apply diluted primary antibody.
5. Incubate overnight at 4°C.
6. Rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 minutes each.
7. Incubate specimen in fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody diluted in Antibody Dilution Buffer for 1–2 hours at room temperature in dark.
8. Rinse in 1X PBS as in step 7.
9. Coverslip slides with Prolong^® Gold Antifade Reagent (#9071), Prolong^® Gold AntiFade Reagent with DAPI (#8961).
10. For best results examine specimens immediately using appropriate excitation wavelength. For long-term storage, store slides flat at 4°C protected from light.